SANNU AHMED

Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes all the nerves and ganglia that lie outside the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS is responsible for connecting the CNS to the rest of the body, and it is divided into two main parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and sensory information from the skin, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and glandular activity. Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the functions of internal organs and glands. It is responsible for regulating the body's unconscious actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and glandular activity. The ANS is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasymp...

                                                                                  PHARMACODYNAMICS PRINCIPLE OF DRUG ACTION The principle of drug action is that a drug interacts with specific molecules, called receptors, in the body to produce a therapeutic effect. These receptors are found on the surface of cells and can be activated by certain chemical compounds, such as drugs. When a drug binds to a receptor, it triggers a cascade of events within the cell that leads to the desired therapeutic effect. Drugs can work by mimicking the action of naturally occurring molecules in the body, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, or by blocking the action of molecules that are causing a problem, such as enzymes or proteins involved in an inflammatory...